Kingdom
The first settlers of Rome were people known as Latins, and the region around the city was called Latium. 
According to legend, twin brothers named Romulus and Remus founded Rome in 753 bce. Shortly before 600 bce, warriors from Etruria, a region north of Rome, attacked the city. The warriors, called Etruscans, conquered Rome.
Rome grew steadily under Etruscan kings. It became the largest and richest city on the Italian peninsula. In about 509 bce the Romans forced the last Etruscan king out of the city. Rome then became a republic. This meant that the Roman people elected the government.
Republic
The most important Roman leaders were called consuls. There were two consuls. Assemblies, or groups, of adult male Roman citizens chose both consuls. At first the consuls had to be patricians, or members of upper-class families.
An important group called the Senate gave advice to the consuls. The members, called senators, were patricians. They met in a building in the Forum, an area of Rome that was the center of public life. The Senate grew more powerful over the years.
Most Romans were not patricians but plebeians, or common people. The plebeians staged an uprising in 494 bce. They gradually won more power. By 367 bce one of the two consul positions was set aside for the plebeians.
Rome suffered some setbacks as it slowly expanded its territory. In about 390 bce a northern group called the Gauls took over the city. They would not leave until the Romans paid them a large amount of gold. Another group called the Samnites defeated the Romans in 321 bce. In general, however, Rome’s conquests could not be stopped. By 275 bce Rome had forced the Greeks to give up their colonies in Italy.
By 260 bce Rome’s last remaining rival in the western Mediterranean was the city of Carthage, in North Africa. For more than a century the Romans fought Carthage for power. It took three wars—called the Punic Wars—before the Roman forces totally destroyed Carthage in 146 bce.
Rome then turned to other areas, including Sicily, Spain, Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor (now Turkey). Governors called proconsuls managed most of the conquered lands. They had great power. The Romans taxed the conquered people heavily. They also enslaved many conquered people. The Romans put these captives to work on farms and as personal servants in cities. Slaves were used in Rome until about the 300s ce.
Empire
In about 133 bce Rome entered a period of unrest and civil war. Peoples in Italy rebelled against Rome’s strict rule in 90 bce. During 73–71 bce a gladiator, or professional fighter, named Spartacus led an army of runaway slaves in a war against Rome. Rome defeated both of these rebellions.
Meanwhile, Rome continued to expand its empire. The most successful general was Julius Caesar. He won victories in far-off areas and then took power in Rome. However, his enemies assassinated him in 44 bce. This set off another period of civil war.
Peace finally came under the leadership of Julius Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian. Octavian defeated his rivals for power, including the Roman general Mark Antony and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, by 30 bce. He was crowned Rome’s first emperor in 27 bce. He became known as Augustus Caesar. During Augustus’ rule, the emperor gained absolute control over the state and came to be worshiped like a god.
Two centuries of peace and progress followed. The empire’s frontiers expanded all the way to Britain and the Arabian Peninsula. The Romans built roads, bridges, and aqueducts, or water pipes, throughout their vast empire. They also brought their laws to conquered lands.
The emperor Tiberius ruled from 14 to 37 ce. During this time the Roman government in Palestine put Jesus to death. Some of Jesus’ followers, called Christians, later set up a community in Rome. At first the Romans did not agree with the Christian religion. They mistreated and killed many Christians. But in 312 ce the emperor Constantine I became a Christian himself. Christianity eventually became the main religion of the Roman Empire.
Downfall
By this time, the empire was weakening. Constantine believed he could strengthen the empire if he moved its center away from Rome. In 330 he created a new capital in the Greek colony of Byzantium. He renamed the city Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey).
After the death of the emperor Theodosius I in 395, the Roman Empire split in two. The Eastern Roman Empire was based in Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire was based in Rome. Several groups of outside peoples, including the Vandals and the Huns, attacked the western empire. A group called the Visigoths attacked the city of Rome in 410. The last western emperor fell in 476. This brought an end to the Western Roman Empire. The eastern empire continued as the Byzantine Empire until 1453.
