The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (2024)

2 min read

by Richard Moss, 6-04-17Post

The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (1)

A Roman Burger made from a 1,500-year-old recipe © Photo: Dave Thompson / Route OnePhotography / English Heritage

Did Romans really invent the burger?

Rightly or wrongly, the Romans have been credited with bringing many things to Britain: from roads and pavements to heated baths and indoor plumbing. But an ancient Roman text gives them credit for a quintessentially American invention – the burger.

A recipe from the ancient Roman cookbook, Apicius, written by an unknown author during the late 4th or 5th century AD, details a dish called ‘Isicia Omentata’ made of minced meat, pepper, wine, pine nuts and a rich fish-based sauce (Garum), all formed into a patty.

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It has long been known that the Romans brought ‘fast food joints’ – or thermopolia as they called them – to Britain. In large towns people wanted access to quick food during their lunch break and vendors selling chicken legs, lamb chops and shellfish became commonplace.

The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (2)

Joe Jackson, dressed as a Roman Centurion, makes a Roman Burger at Birdoswald Roman Fort in Cumbria © Picture by Dave Thompson / Route OnePhotography / English Heritage

The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (3)

© Picture by Dave Thompson / Route OnePhotography / English Heritage

“We all know that the Romans left a huge mark on Britain, fundamentally altering the British diet forever,” says Food Historian Dr Annie Gray. “Street food became available en masse, and many of our favourite foods were introduced, including Isicia Omentata, what can be seen as the Roman forefather to today’s burger.”

According to Dr Gray, the Roman burger was “decidedly more upmarket” than many of today’s offerings, with a “richer and more complex” recipe than the plain beef version most common today.

“Since our ‘Roman Burger’, other similar recipes can be seen throughout history,” she adds. “There were the more flat or meatball-like Medieval ‘Pompeys’ or ‘Rissoles’, Georgian ‘Patties’ which popularised fried mince meat, and, by the end of the Victorian era, we see the first proper Hamburger. Burgers aren’t a modern invention – rather, a staple throughout the centuries that has evolved.”

More than 10,000 soldiers would have been based at forts such as Birdoswald at the peak of Roman occupation along Hadrian’s Wall. Having access to tasty, convenient food was vitally important as they patrolled the frontier and vendors serving fast food would have been commonplace in large towns.

The recipe (makes four Roman burgers):

500g minced meat
60g pine kernels
Three tsp. Garum (a salty fish sauce – you can use a fish based sauce found in the supermarket, or just regular salt)
Ground pepper
Handful of coriander
Juniper berries (optional)
Caul fat (optional)

Method

Grind up the pine kernels, and then mix in with the minced meat and other ingredients. Shape the mixture into patties, wrap this in Caul Fat if preferred. Cook over a medium heat or BBQ for five minutes on each side. Serve plain or in a flat bread bun.

venue

Birdoswald Roman Fort - English Heritage

Carlisle, Cumbria

Birdoswald Roman Fort stands high above a meander in the River Irthing, in one of the most picturesque settings on Hadrian's Wall. A Roman fort, turret and milecastle can all be seen on this excellent stretch of the Wall.

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  1. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (5)

    MICHAEL ELLIMAN on

    I shall make one and see what’s taste like yours Romvlvs

    Reply
  2. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (6)

    Sol Flower on

    So…where is the recipe? One could trial-and-error the ingredients but it would no the recipe.

    Reply
    • The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (7)

      Richard Moss on

      Hi Sol, we have now added the recipe. Caul Fat is optional – thankfully – but I would go for both the pine kernels and juniper berries. (editor)

      Reply
      • The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (8)

        Kathy Batesel on

        Where exactly was this recipe found that hasn’t seen the light of day in 1,000 years when no archeological or historic sites merit mention?

        Reply
  3. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (9)

    Alan Einhorn on

    The reinactment shows the patty being eaten between two buns and the recipe calls for a bread patty. Didn’t the Earl of Sandwich ???? invent this method of eating?

    Reply
    • The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (10)

      Peter Swain on

      Sandwich was the first of the gentry to openly eat like a peasant in public

      Reply
  4. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (11)

    Alan Einhorn on

    Interesting; now I wonder when the cheese and bacon was added and the patties doubled (was McDonalds responsible or did this too evolve)?

    Reply
  5. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (12)

    Walter Crawford on

    Excellence site – good layout and user friendly.

    Reply
  6. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (13)

    Phuxxi on

    It no longer surprises me that people think that everything, eaten by everyone, for the last 100,000 years, comes in prepared and measured proportions – like some kind of bullsh*t frozen TV dinner. People had industries, and stores of victuals – preserved by drying, smoking and salting etc., but they also traded in food stuffs, as well as getting what was seasonally available – along with hunting, and gathering.

    And since food was about nutrition AND energy, they made meals out of what they could get and what was available.

    Eating meat, and bread and cheese – and getting herbs like garlic, seeds, and salted broths of all descriptions, spicing it up a bit….that is completely normal, and has been done by everyone, in every culture, in every land, from the year dot….

    Reply
  7. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (14)

    Elise Fleming on

    What is the source for the recipe? Would like to see the original recipe (in translation). The historical (original) recipe would make this article truly excellent.

    Reply
  8. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (15)

    Perry Lane on

    One source for ‘Apicius: De Re Coquinaria ‘ seems a work in progress but a good starting point none the less.
    Recipe 47 Another Kind of Kromeskis
    Aliter Isicia Omentata

    http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Apicius/2*.html

    “The original leaves us in doubt as to the kind of meat to be used…”

    Reply
  9. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (16)

    Petrus Bonus on

    I like the folding-handle skillet: it looks like the practical sort of thing that a Roman soldier would carry.

    Hull Museums published a Roman cookery book, although I don’t remember this recipe being in it. I must get another copy: I tend to give them away to friends.

    Reply
  10. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (17)

    Scott on

    The headline says “beef,” but do we know that this was made with beef? I read that the Ancient Romans didn’t like beef. The recipe just says “minced meat”–it doesn’t say beef.

    Reply
    • The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (18)

      Richard Moss on

      I’ll let you have that one Scott. We have removed beef from the headline. 🙂

      Reply
      • The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (19)

        Scott on

        What meat would they have been likely to use 1,500 years ago?

        Reply
  11. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (20)

    Harold Burton on

    Making an unstuffed version of this. Instead of stuffing jumbo shells with the hamburger mixture I have mixed the hamburger mixture with small shells and covered with the pasta sauce and cheese. hope it turns out good Thanks

    Harold Burton

    Reply
  12. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (21)

    Ruth on

    You can find this recipe in Apicius’ Cookbook which was compiled in the first century AD.

    Reply
  13. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (22)

    Ashley Jones on

    This looks amazing and fairly simple to do. I have never made stuffed anything but these look simple enough to try sometime. I love how you made garlic zucchini noodles to go with the dish. That’s my favorite way to eat zucchini noodles. I use my spiralizer weekly. Definitely one of the best birthday gifts I have received.
    Ashley Jones

    Reply
  14. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (23)

    Ed on

    I have this cook book translated to English and the ingredients are totally different

    Reply
  15. The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (24)

    Randy on

    Not really a burger though is it?

    ALITER ISICIA OMENTATA

    FINELY CUT PULP [of pork] IS GROUND WITH THE HEARTS OF WINTER WHEAT AND DILUTED WITH WINE.
    FLAVOR LIGHTLY WITH PEPPER AND BROTH AND IF YOU LIKE ADD A MODERATE QUANTITY OF [myrtle] BERRIES ALSO CRUSHED, AND AFTER YOU HAVE ADDED CRUSHED NUTS AND PEPPER, SHAPE THE FORCEMEAT INTO SMALL ROLLS, WRAP THESE IN CAUL, FRY, AND SERVE WITH WINE GRAVY.

    Reply

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The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger (2024)

FAQs

The 1,500-year-old recipe that shows how Romans invented the burger? ›

A recipe from the ancient Roman cookbook, Apicius

Apicius
Apicius, also known as De re culinaria or De re coquinaria (On the Subject of Cooking), is a collection of Roman cookery recipes, which may have been compiled in the fifth century CE, or earlier.
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Apicius
, written by an unknown author during the late 4th or 5th century AD, details a dish called 'Isicia Omentata' made of minced meat, pepper, wine, pine nuts and a rich fish-based sauce (Garum
Garum
Garum is a fermented fish sauce that was used as a condiment in the cuisines of Phoenicia, ancient Greece, Rome, Carthage and later Byzantium. Liquamen is a similar preparation, and at times they were synonymous.
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Garum
), all formed into a patty.

Did the Romans invent the hamburger? ›

But no matter how prominent American hamburgers may be in the modern zeitgeist, they actually predate the Union by about 2,000 years. The first iterations of the present-day hamburger were created in ancient Rome sometime in the first century A.D., and were referred to as isicia omentata.

What food did the Romans invent? ›

The Romans introduced over 50 new kinds of food plants: fruits such as fig, grape, apple, pear, cherry, plum, damson, mulberry, date and olive; vegetables such as cucumber and celery; nuts, seeds and pulses such as lentil, pine nut, almond, walnut and sesame; and herbs and spices including coriander, dill and fennel.

How did ancient Romans cook meat? ›

The ancient Romans used a variety of methods to cook meat, including: Roasting: Meat was often roasted on spits over an open fire. Large animals such as pigs and sheep were commonly roasted in this manner. Boiling: Meat was also boiled in large pots of water or broth.

What did the Romans invent? ›

The Romans did not invent drainage, sewers, the alphabet or roads, but they did develop them. They did invent underfloor heating, concrete and the calendar that our modern calendar is based on. Concrete played an important part in Roman building, helping them construct structures like aqueducts that included arches.

Who really invented the hamburger? ›

Louis Lassen

A customer ordered a quick hot meal and Louis was out of steaks. Taking ground beef trimmings, Louis made a patty and grilled it, putting it between two slices of toast.

Who made burgers first? ›

Louis Lassen: According to legend, Lassen invented the burger in 1900 at his small restaurant in New Haven, Connecticut. He placed a beef patty between two slices of bread and added cheese and condiments, creating the first “hamburger sandwich.” Oscar Weber Bilby: Bilby was a cook in Oklahoma in 1891.

Did Romans eat pizza? ›

Did Ancient Rome have Pizza? The ancient Romans wouldn't have recognized the pizza we have today (not least because the tomato wasn't introduced to Europe until the early 16th century). But they did produce flatbread topped with cheese, honey, fruits like dates and figs, nuts, or vegetables.

What are 3 foods Rome is famous for? ›

What are the top dishes to try in Rome?
  • Pasta carbonara. Hands down, pasta carbonara is the queen of all Roman pastas. ...
  • Maritozzi. ...
  • Carciofi alla Romana and carciofi alla Giudia. ...
  • Filetti di baccalà fritta. ...
  • Coda alla vaccinara. ...
  • Trippa alla Romana. ...
  • Cacio e pepe.
Apr 1, 2024

What did Roman kids eat? ›

The main components of the diet of an Ancient Roman were cereals and legumes, and also included cheese, fruits, vegetables, and meat covered in sauces. Romans had limited refrigeration, so they had to rely on food that was readily available.

Did Romans eat once a day? ›

In today's society, we are told to have 3 square meals a day. But in reality, back in ancient Rome — Romans would only eat 1-2 meals a day. The first 'breakfast' (breaking a fast) was usually around noon. Then they would have their dinner (cena) at around 3-4pm.

What were poor Romans called? ›

Plebeians made up the majority of Roman society and they were generally poor. While some plebeians were more wealthy than others, they still did not have any power in government because they were not members of the patrician class.

Did Romans drink milk? ›

Milk in ancient Rome was mainly used for making cheeses and medical purposes only. Milk was also considered an uncivilized drink; hence why Romans did not drink it unless it was necessary. It was believed the lower classes and slaves drank goat milk for substance but in limited quantities.

Why did Rome fall? ›

Corruption, the division of the empire, and invasion by Germanic tribes were the three main causes of the fall of Rome. Some scholars believe that there were other contributing factors as well.

What did the Romans build kids? ›

The Romans built roads, bridges, and aqueducts, or water pipes, throughout their vast empire. They also brought their laws to conquered lands.

What did the Romans not invent? ›

The Romans did not invent plumbing or toilets, but instead borrowed their waste disposal system from their neighbors, particularly the Minoans.

What fast food did the Romans invent? ›

Fast food has existed since ancient Rome — where restaurants sold fish sauce and baked cheese — and narrowly survived 2 emperors. Fast food isn't some newfangled invention. It's been around for centuries, albeit in different forms. Ancient Roman fast-food joints were called "thermopolia."

Did ancient Romans eat burgers? ›

An ancient version of the hamburger can be traced back to Rome around the 1st century AD in a dish called Isicia Omentata. This meal resembles the modern-day hamburger as it was made from minced meat, pine nuts, pepper, wine and garum.

Did they have cheeseburgers in the Roman Empire? ›

The Romans actually ate a food we'd recognise as burgers . A mince meat patty usually with fish sauce, vinegared bread and pine nuts, sometimes plain. Usually served in a leavened bun. They would likely put cheese and salad as the Romans enjoyed both.

Where did the Roman burger come from? ›

The origins of the burger stretch all the way back to ancient Rome with a dish known as isicia omentata. Although a far cry from its final form, this minced meat dish contained pine nuts, wine and a fermented fish sauce known as garum.

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